Endotracheal Tubes

The new invention concerns improvements in a silicone foley catheter, a tubular medical device for insertion into the body for the purpose of injecting or withdrawing fluids. Although the invention is described in the following specification with particular reference to a silicone foley catheter for insertion in the urethra, the invention is equally applicable to similarly constructed medical devices such as endotracheal tubes, tracheal tubes, Dennis tubes (used for decompressing the intestinal tract prior to or after gastrointestinal surgery), rectal catheters, Trocar catheters, hematuria balloon cateters, heart catheters, and others. In addition, the concepts of this invention could also be applied to similarly constructed non-medical devices.

The typical silicone foley catheter consists of a tube or shaft containing a primary lumen which is the conduit for removal or insertion of the appropriate fluid. Within this primary lumen and attached to the wall thereof is at least one secondary, smaller lumen which is the conduit for the injection of an appropriate gas or fluid for inflation of a balloon anchoring the catheter inside the patient. The anchoring balloon generally consists of a thin, elastic material extending around the exterior of the catheter near its tip and attached at its edges or shoulders to the exterior of the catheter. A hole in the tube wall permits the inflation gas or fluid to enter underneath the elastic material and expand it to a balloon-like configuration.

In use the catheter is inserted into the body cavity, and an inflation fluid is pumped through the secondary lumen to expand the anchoring balloon. This prevents accidental removal of the catheter from the patient and stations the catheter in the appropriate position for efficient use. Once the catheter is so anchored, body fluids can be drained or therapeutic fluids can be injected into the body through the primary lumen. When the catheter is no longer needed, the inflation balloon is deflated by releasing the inflation fluid or gas and the catheter is withdrawn from the body.

Although this basic design for a catheter has been used for a number of years, serious problems remain in the design and method of construction of these devices. In particular, there are problems with the previous methods which have been used to provide the elastic exterior portion which forms the anchoring bubble. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,734,100 issued to Walker et al, a catheter construction is described in which a separate cuff portion is glued at its shoulders to the surface of the catheter. Although the patent illustrates the exterior surface of the catheter as being smooth and regular, unfortunately, in practice the thickness of the cuff portion and the effects of the glue cause surface irregularities at the cuff’s shoulders. Thus, in a typical catheter produced by the process of Walker et al. the shoulders of the cuff will protrude beyond the remaining exterior surface of the catheter. This situation is undesirable because such irregularities impede the insertion or withdrawal of the catheter and increase the discomfort to the patient. In addition, such a catheter construction is generally not amenable to mechanized production, and manufacture of the catheters by hand causes additional imperfections and defects.

As an alternative, it has been suggested to cover the exterior of the catheter tube in the area underlying the bubble with a masking (release) material, coating the tip of the catheter including the bubble region with a flexible, inflatable material, and subsequently removing the underlying masking material. For example, in the patents to Harautuneian (U.S. Pat. No. 3,292,627 and 3,304,353) the use of a water soluble masking material is suggested. However, there are several problems with this design. First, in simultaneously removing the water soluble release material and inflating the anchoring bubble, difficulties in the dissolution of the release material frequently cause particles to become lodged in the inflation lumen preventing further expansion of the anchoring bubble. Similarly, as discussed in Harautuneian’s U.S. Pat. No. 3,452,756, the masking layer may only dissolve in the localized area adjacent the hole to the inflation lumen. Thus, the anchoring bubble may expand preferentially in that area and cause localized pressure injurious to the body tissue. The same general type of system is shown in British Pat. No. 1,234,037–Steer et al.

Originally published here.

Uses the endotracheal tube may reduce Issues in Anesthesia

When a person under general anesthesia, they completely unconscious and temporarily paralyzed This means that in addition to the risk of a bad reaction to the powerful drugs used in this process, there is the added danger of the patient’s body being partially shut down during the procedure. Regular necessary functions, such as breathing, must be carefully monitored to assure that the person’s wellbeing protected. In fact, airway management(laryngeal mask airway) is one of the main areas where anesthesia complications have the potential to leave a patient permanently injured or even dead.

In just 4 minutes of oxygen, a person’s brain can be irreversible damage; from them what is commonly referred to as “brain dead.” In the next few minutes, the body can continue to close, in cardiac arrest, leading to death. Therefore, it is clear that surgical patients to ensure safe maintenance of oxygen supply(by oxygen mask) should be one of the main problems of narcotic.

In many cases of general anesthesia, a device known as an endotracheal tube is inserted into the patient’s windpipe to assure that it remains open and functional. This procedure carries its own risks, though. If the tracheostomy tube slips into the patient’s esophagus instead of trachea (windpipe), it will not deliver oxygen to the lungs, and the person will quickly suffer the grave consequences discussed in the previous paragraph. Also, if intubation is attempted and failed multiple times, trauma to the airway can cause swelling or obstruction, and seal the lungs off from the air they need. If this happens, an emergency tracheotomy must be performed, in which a hole is cut in the airway, allowing air to bypass the obstruction.

Ventilator was used to ensure the exchange of carbon dioxide gas in a person’s lungs can continue to function normally under anesthesia, they are. If it is misused or ventilator failure, however, this exchange does not occur properly, leading to hypoxia (oxygen shortage), or if you create too much pressure on a hole in the lung development.

Although they are terrible, these threats are very real. General anesthesia is not a program, guard, medical professionals have a responsibility to ensure the safety of patients while they are unconscious. If a doctor’s negligence caused the injury or death of the anesthetized patients, they may face the medical litigation, and to pay compensation to the victim.

Originally published here.